Minimum Wage Essay - 947 Words

Oscar Ramos Administration of Justice 3 Intr. Mr. Sinclair March 29, 2013 Osborne v. Ohio 37 Ohio St.3d 249, 525 N.E2d1363 Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103 (1990), is a Supreme Court of the United States case in which the Court held that the First Amendment allows states to outlaw the mere possession, as distinct from the distribution, of child pornography. After Ohio police found photographs in petitioner Osbornes home, each of which depicted a nude male adolescent posed in sexually explicit position, he was convicted of violating a state statute prohibiting any person from possessing or viewing any material or performance showing a minor who is not his child or ward in a state of nudity unless the material or performance is presented for a†¦show more content†¦These harms include the psychological damage to children; both the children depicted in the pornography, for whom the images produced serve as a permanent record of the abuse, and the children whom potential abusers might lure with such images. They were worried more upon protecting the children and not having other children been lured when seeing the other children’s images. Given the importance of the States interest in protecting the victims of child pornography, we cannot fault Ohio for attempting to stamp out this vice at all levels in the distribution chain. Even if the First Amendment did not categorically forbid the government to ban the possession of child pornography, Osborne argued that the Ohio statute under which he was convicted was overbroad. A ban on speech is overbroad if it outlaws both prohibited speech as well as a substantial amount of legitimate speech. The statute, as written, banned depictions of nudity, and the Court had previously held that nudity was protected expression. But the Ohio Supreme Court had held that the statute only applied to nudity that constitutes a lewd exhibition or involves a graphic focus on the genitals, and where the person depicted is neither the child nor the ward of the person charged with violating it. Furthermore, the Ohio Supreme Court had required that the defendant had to know that the imagesShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage And The Wage916 Words   |  4 PagesEliminate the Minimum Wage Darity Has described minimum wage as: â€Å"Minimum-wage legislation has been to improve the terms of employment of the least-fortunate wage earners.† (Darity) Since the beginning of minimum wage laws in 1270 France the intentions of minimum wage legislation has been good. The idea is that a worker is worth a certain amount regardless of the work they are able to do. One can see how this could create inefficiencies in an economy. The law was meant to help poor families.Read MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pages Minimum wage requires paying every employee a specific wage regardless of the employee productivity. It is the responsibility of the government to set the minimum wage. To understand this, a biology analogy can be used: some animals are stronger compared to others. In economic perspective, some people are relatively unable to deliver compared to others. Among them include, disabled, unskilled, and the youth. Due to their low productivity, th ey are entitled lower wages corresponding to their effortsRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesRoyer Political Science 120 7 November 2016 Increase Minimum Wage Introduction The United States’ minimum wage has been a concerning issue amongst the low wage earners because of the amount they earn is not enough for them to live on their own. Therefore causing the citizens who earn minimum wage to have an impossible time finding a place to stay and expenses for daily survival. Increasing the minimum wage will solve the issues that the minimum wage earners make, thus increasing the chances of survivalRead MoreThe Wage Is The Minimum Wage1098 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 9 6/5/16 â€Å"The minimum wage is the minimum hourly wage an employer can pay an employee for work. Currently, the federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour (part of the Fair Labor Standards Act) and some states and cities have raised their minimum wage even higher than that.† minimum wage was first introduced during the great depression in 1930s. Before it was introduced thousands of people were forced to work in horrible conditions for pennies a week. Early attempts on minimum wage was ruled unconstitutionalRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage1437 Words   |  6 Pages Minimum wage was established on October 24, 1938 after President Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act. (Grossman) Minimum wage was set to allow working class citizens an opportunity to work a reasonable amount of hours for pay that would enable individuals to maintain a minimal quality life. In today’s economics minimum wage is used as a price control or price floor that the government enforces. A price floor is a minimum price for a product or service above the market’s equilibrium priceRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage1269 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum Wage There are a lot of people around the world who struggle with money and a satisfactory way of life. Whether they be in the United States or across the globe, there is a standard minimum wage set for the working class of their country. In the Unites States, there is a federal minimum wage of seven dollars and twenty five cents per hour worked. Almost every state has another set minimum wage, which typically is a little higher than the federal minimum wage, but it cannot be lower thanRead MoreThe Wage Of The Minimum Wage871 Words   |  4 PagesWith the presidential elections right around the corner policy on minimum wage has come up for debate once again. William Hoar from The New American argues in his article â€Å"Misguided minimum wage mandate† that raising the minimum wage will only result in loss of jobs. According to the editorial board at USA Today, â€Å" inflation adjusted income of the top 1 percent has grown by 58 percent and the remaining 99 percent has only gr own by 6.4 percent†. They then state that a raise to 15 dollars an hour onlyRead MoreMinimum Wage863 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage is a controversial topic because everybody wants more. People want more money and some think that just increasing minimum wage can increase more money that they get. However, this is far from the truth as sometimes employers can’t pay their employers more than minimum wage. Not to mention that if the minimum wage goes up so does the price of everything else in order to adjust for the new price. So essentially increasing the wage majorly does nothing except maybe lower the value of yourRead MoreMinimum Wage and Its Implications763 Words   |  3 PagesMinimum wage affects everyone. The current minimum wage is at $7.25 and President Obama announced that he wished to see a change in the minimum wage, he wants to raise the hourly wage to $10.10. A rise in the income of those who are employed will also raise the cost of hiring unskilled lab or and can potentially reduce the number of people hired by businesses. Also, if minimum wage is raised then the price of the products that the companies are making might increase which will continue the cycle ofRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage1639 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum wage is one of the many microeconomic policies that serve to correct imbalance in the economy. It is defined as the lowest amount of remuneration required of an employer to pay his employees during a given period of work. There exist different laws in different states that can fix the minimum wage policy. A current economic issue is minimum wage, or specifically, its pertinence to social inequality. Many sectors of society would be affected by changes in this policy. Minimum wage relies on

Gender Inequality Among Boys And Girls Are Treated...

Studies show that gender inequality is rampant in schools. Boy and girls are treated differently by teachers and different expectations exist for their behavior and performance. The textbooks and other materials used in schools often reinforce gender stereotypes (Conley, D. 2013). Per class discussion, in order to understand why it is that women appear to be doing better in college than men today, it is necessary to start with the transformation of gender roles and stereotypes. Historically, societies have maintained patriarchal structures and this has signified gender inequality. For centuries, women were viewed as being (physically and intellectually) inferior to men and this limited their possibilities in terms of education and professional development. During the second half of the twentieth century, however, this conceptualization of gender roles started to change. Essentially, women became empowered and they made advances in terms of inclusion and equality. Women have also bee n able to take advantage of benefits conferred to them by a social establishment that continues to be patriarchal. As discussed in class, there is no question that gender inequality continues to be widespread today. The gap, however, is progressively narrowing, and this is happening even though the values and attitudes of the traditionally patriarchic society still remain. For women, gender constructions that conceptualize females as being inferior to males has a negative impact in terms ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Aboriginals in Residential School Systems1043 Words   |  5 Pagesschool system was first introduced in Canada. It was once a place where teachers treated students differently depending upon their gender, and what their background was; in particular, Aboriginals were treated very poorly (Marcuse et al., 1993). Sociologists have many views on the topic of Aboriginal treatment in schools, and throughout this essay, the ideas of gender assumptions, socialization agents, and social inequality will be discussed. Along with these ideas, the conflict theory will be provenRead MoreThe Theory Of Equality And Gender Roles1176 Words   |  5 Pagesprinciple of equality does not imply that everyone is the same, nevertheless that everyone should be treated as equals unless special circumstances apply. When it comes to the two sexes, everything that comes in its bounds is either biased intentionally or unintentionally, either way it continues. One could be aware of the characteristics and factors of identity that enables others to treat another differently by analyzing the aspects of society throug h race, religion, language, sexual orientation, economicRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women1255 Words   |  6 Pagesthat women are treated in an unfair ways. Social gender roles lead to various forms of inequality and disparity between men and women, which in relation to the socio economic, political and cultural ideologies plays a negative role in girls (Asley 2014) .While some societies, defend gender differences based on their cultural norms and religious beliefs, this tends to restrict women physical and mental space.†Across social classes girls tends to have less physical mobility than boys and thus less freedomRead MoreThe Struggle Of Women s Equality1692 Words   |  7 Pagesas chief executives. They even have been moving into jobs that in the past were only allocated to men. While these signs are encouraging, women are still paid less than men with a fewer rights and low protection in the workforce. The progression of gender equality still appears uneve n, although many women have seized opportunities and are slowly evening up the workforce and deserving the equality they have struggled for ever since the beginning of the twentieth century. Women in executive positionsRead More Comparing Cultural Gender Roles Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesGender and the ways gender is portrayed in society varies from culture to culture. Gender roles have changed drastically, especially during the 20th century and continue to evolve to this day. For years now there have been preconceived notions about genders and the roles each one should play in society, home, workplace, etc. Most times gender roles are associated with stereotypes and previous gender roles. Gender role plays different parts in religion, culture, society, time periods, countriesRead MoreGender Discrimination5921 Words   |  24 Pages GENDER DISCRIMINATION By Nkechi AGBOGO TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. What does sex discrimination cover 4. Sex discrimination possible scenes 5. Forms of sex discrimination 6. Reasons for sex discrimination 7. Policies which should help reduce gender discrimination 8. Conclusion 9. Reference ABSTRACT Gender discrimination is an acute and persistent problem, especiallyRead MoreRole of education in society3291 Words   |  14 PagesEvaluate the Role of Education in Society. Consider Issue of Gender in Your Response. Also, Consider How Such Factors May Impact on a Person’s Life Chances. Essay: Evaluate the role of education in society. Consider issue of gender in your response. Also, consider how such factors may impact on a person’s life chances. This essay will examine the role of education in society and an analysis of inequality in relation to Gender. It will discuss briefly education and examine the different theoreticalRead MoreGender Is The Equivalent Of Fish Talking About Water Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pages or being taught. There may be some definitions that are necessary to be defined and collaborated its meaning, along with history and content. Just as Judith Lorber quoted, â€Å"Talking about gender got most people is the equivalent of fish talking about water.† This quote demonstrates the importance of the gender topic. Seems to be basic or understandable which is misunderstood. As are several other topics not discussed from kindergarten up to senior year of high school. Women’s study is present inRead MoreEssay about Gender and Gender Inequality2068 Words   |  9 PagesGender and Gender Inequality Gender, what is gender? Where does it come from? How long has it existed? These are all very good question and questions that are asked a lot in today’s modern society. Most people think of gender as the physical features of a man and a woman, but it is not just physical features that define gender. There are obvious biological differences between a man and a woman, but is that what gender is defined by? There are many different theories on gender and how it is definedRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Roles1872 Words   |  8 PagesGender inequality is amongst us all in any given society. Although gender is not as simple as may seem. Gender comes into play along with a number of different aspects such as sex, gender and gender roles. Each of these aspects play a significant part when speaking of the different social problems encountered by men and women. Sex makes up the biological differences; of male or female. Gender is the socially learned behaviors that are attached to the sexes (Henslin, p. 322), which create Gender Roles

How does administrative law change bureaucratic behaviour Free Essays

The Committee presented a plan for an entirely new system of administrative law that rested upon a fresh vision of the role that external review agencies should play in safeguarding the rights of the public regarding executive decision-making. Three Acts were implemented by the Parliament. The Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) (AAT Act) established two bodies – an Administrative Appeals Tribunal to undertake merit review of a general range of Commonwealth decisions, and an Administrative Review Council to perform a research, advisory and coordination function. We will write a custom essay sample on How does administrative law change bureaucratic behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Ombudsman Act 1976 (Cth) established an Ombudsman to investigate complaints of maladministration by Commonwealth government agencies. The Administrative Decisions Oudicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) conferred upon the newly-created Federal Court a reformed Jurisdiction to undertake Judicial review of Commonwealth decision-making. Purpose of Administrative Law Administrative Law concerns the relationship between the government and the public. It refers to a wide range of controls exercisable by the law over the powers nd procedures of government decision-makers and administrators. It constitutes a means of protecting the rights of the public by making the government decision- makers accountable. With the growth of technology, financial institutions and globalization, society is becoming more complex, the role of government has expanded in terms of regulation and intervention. This has led to a growth in the number of bureaucratic decision makers which in turn led to an expansion in controls over administrative actions to counter balance the power of the decision makers. The Kerr and Bland Committees saw that the purpose of Administrative Law was to rotect citizens against government, when government was growing in size and exercising more administrative authority and discretionary power. It pointed to a posed threats to the rights and liberties of citizens . The view from the Kerr and Bland Committees is compatible with that of Professor Cane that the Administrative Law can be used to regulate the way the administrators make decisions so that the power will not be misused. How to measure success of the Administrative Law? There are two views about the measurement of success of Administrative Law: (i) The instrumentalist believes the success lies in its impact on behaviour and outcomes, ence the law should bring behaviour and outcomes into conformity with specified value. (it) The non-instrumentalist believes its success lies in its rules and practices. The law could be counted as a success if it clearly, consistently and coherently expressed specified values. The supporters of regulatory approach to Administrative Law are instrumentalists whereas the supporters of legal approach are non-instrumentalists. What are the regulatory and legal approaches to Administrative Law? A regulatory system has three components (i) a set of standards that announce how eople ought to behave; (it) a mechanism for monitoring compliance with those standards; (iii) a mechanism for promoting future compliance. Administrative Law consists of a set of rules and principles about how decisions ought to be made. Individuals affected by the administrative decisions can utilize various tribunals and ombudsmen to review decisions and in turn provide incentive for the decision makers to comply with Administrative Law in future. The regulatory approach focuses on the future rather than the way decision makers behaved in the past. It aims to prevent potential issues by making the decision akers responsible for it. On the contrary, the legal approach presents administrative law to be used by complainants a means to redress past breaches so that decision makers can be held accountable for such breaches. It looks at the success of administrative law on its ability to provide redress to those adversely affected by unlawful decisions. The regulatory approach focuses accountability based on the institutional design and interaction between different organs of the system such as ombudsmen, parliamentary committee and internal review. The legal approach focuses more on the accountability of the government to the public. In constitutional terms, the regulatory approach addresses it with separation of power whereas the legal approach focuses on the concept of rule of law. Administrative law focuses on the accountability of government. By demanding compliance with administrative law principles, and by valuing review mechanisms for rectifying human error, it impacts upon the decision-making processes in order to ensure that the wrongful exercise of administrative power is curbed. The Australian tax system is an example of how administrative law impacts on bureaucratic behaviour. The tax system, being a self assessment system, encourages ne to voluntarily comply with the tax legislation. Tax compliance officers review the tax returns to identity potential risk to revenue. Where the risks being identified in a review are significant, the tax office will escalate the case to an audit. During an audit, there will be an information request followed by the issuance of a position paper. If the taxpayers realize any errors in their tax returns, they can make voluntary disclosure in order to reduce any shortfall liability and penalty interests. Alternatively they can express their views if there is any contentious issue about the application of law. The taxpayers will be given an opportunity to comment on the position paper before an amended assessment is issued. The taxpayers can object to the amended assessment which is normally handled by the objection team that is independent from the compliance team. If the decision stays, an application can be lodged to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal to review the decision. The tax office has internal guidelines such as Practice Statement Law Administration for the staff to follow before any administrative decision is made. This ensures the taxpayers would be fairly treated. Before a decision is reached, taxpayers will be iven opportunities to be heard and supply information to support their claim. The process demonstrates how the Administrative Law influences the bureaucratic behaviour. The decision-makers need to supply proper reasoning before issuing an amended assessment. What are the positive and negative changes on bureaucratic behaviour? On the positive side, more senior public servants are required to be legally trained as they are expected to make decisions based on strong legal grounds so that their decisions will be less likely to be challenged in future. The decisions being made would also be based on fairness with properly established facts. However, onerous review systems may cause potentially adverse bureaucratic behaviour. The onerous review system may sometimes lead to ‘No further action’ on many potential tax evasion cases. The following explains the negative bureaucratic behaviour that is undesirable to the society goal. review the taxpayers’ tax return and amend the assessments. The review period could be two or four years depending on the size of the business and the nature of entity. Once the ‘period of review expires, the tax office cannot amend the assessment unless there is fraud or evasion for which intention needs to be established. Knowing this system, some taxpayers may simply delay in supplying information or supplying irrelevant information to make the cases difficult to pursue. By contrast with the private sector for which financial target is the prime objective, the public bureaucrats may not have such incentive to pursue difficult cases that may eventually lead to tribunal review. Further to that, the tax officers need to follow strict guideline when dealing with fraud cases where intention needs to be established. As all elements need to be established before a case can be referred to prosecution, some fraud cases end up being ‘No further action’. This is undesirable to the societal goal as it means people who dodge the system may not be penalized. Can we Judge the success of Administrative Law as a regulatory tool primarily by its effect on bureaucratic behaviour? As mentioned above, the purpose of the Administrative Law is to make government decision-makers accountable. It promotes the fair procedures and compliance by decisions-makers with legal limitations on their powers. The public can use the merit review system to review the administrative decision of the government. The merit review allows the facts and legal aspects of the decision to be considered afresh. Based on the merits, the tribunal can affirm, vary or set aside the original decision. From a regulatory point of view, an independent body has stepped in to review the government decisions and therefore it limits the power of the bureaucrats. Therefore, the bureaucrats must obtain sufficient evidence and provide sound reasons to support their decisions. Furthermore, it encourages government bureaucrats to ensure they act consistently with relevant legal requirements. Based on the above, it appears that one can assert that Administrative Law has achieved its purpose as a regulatory tool that impacts on bureaucratic behaviour. How to cite How does administrative law change bureaucratic behaviour, Essays

Ethical Leadership Behavior on Ethical Climate

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Leadership Behavior on Ethical Climate. Answer: Introduction: Motivating employees has always been a challenge to the organizations. With the involvement of the proper leadership behavior, most of the organizations have been motivating their new and existing employees at the workplace (Yukl 2012). Most of the business analysts have discussed that the proper guidance of the leaders is always needed in the organization in order to enhance the productivity of the employees in an efficient manner. In this assignment, the importance of the leadership behavior on employees motivation has been discussed in context to the proper implications of theoretical approaches. Discussion: Chhokar, Brodbeck and House (2013) have identified that over the past few decades, the leaders play an integral role in the organization for enhancing the business opportunities through different strategic implementations. With the engagement of the authentic leadership style, the employees in the organization obtain the adequate opportunities in enhancing their individual workability. According to Holloway (2012), for motivating the employees in the organization, the leaders must have some qualities including positive attitude, clear goals, and objectives, uphold open communication, accumulate employees feedbacks. Besides this, the leadership behavior and style depend on the goals and objectives of the organization. By segregating the leadership style, we obtain five different styles including autocratic, participative, transactional, transformational, and laissez-faire (Wallace et al. 2013). Among these leadership styles, the participative or democratic leadership style facilitates the employees to share their personal feedbacks and suggestions to the higher management. Consequently, this particular process not only motivates the employees in the organization but also provides an adequate contribution in enhancing the growth of the business. On the contrary, autocratic leadership style does not involve the employees into the decision-making process, and the employees are bound to obey the order of the higher authority. Hence, this particular leadership behavior does not influence the employees in delivering productive performance in the business. House et al. (2013) has discussed that unlike the traditional form of leadership, the participative leadership style always motivates employees at the workplace in contributing the enhanced performance in the business. Organizational behavior is constituted with five primary categories that include autocratic model, custodial model, supportive model and collegial model. Most of the business organizations tend to follow supportive model, as this particular organizational behavior model is not based on the predominance of authority. By implementing this particular model, the organization tends to maintain participative environment at the workplace. Employers do not like to impose their decision on the employees. While making business strategies and policies, the business managers tend to involve organizational employees in order to take a collective decision-making. As a result, employees intend to provide their best effort towards organizational services. By discussing the traditional leadership theory, it can be assessed that the trait theory is the most popular conjecture for enhancing the business opportunities in an efficient manner. Trait theory of leadership considers the personality, social, physical or the intellectual traits for differentiating the leaders from the nonreaders (Demirtas and Akdogan 2015). The leadership theory is based on the ambition and energy along with the honesty and integrity. According to the leadership theory, the leaders personal traits are the key to leadership triumph. Trait theory is based on the abilities and motivators along with the personal traits. Trait theory discussed that the abilities of the leaders must involve the supervising ability and intelligence along with the initiatives (Yukl 2012). Besides this, the motivators can be identified through different factors including self-actualization, high financial reward, and job security. On the other hand, the personal traits need to be involve d the self-assurance, decisiveness, maturity and working class affinity. However, the trait theory has some limitations. For instances, the unidentified substantiation of cause and effect of affiliation of guidance and personality might affect the behavior of the leaders (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). Hence, it can be assessed that the trait theory needs to be followed by the leaders of the organizations in order to behave properly with the employees. It not only motivates the employees but also facilitates in enhancing the business opportunities in an effectual manner. Besides the traditional form of theory on leadership, the leaders also should follow the contemporary theory including transformational leadership theories. The transformational leadership can be found at all levels of the organization such as teams, departments, divisions, and the organization itself (Holloway 2012). The leaders following the transformational theory are very visionary, inspiring, risk-taker and thoughtful thinkers. It can be assessed that the transformational leadership is based on four factors including inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence and individualized consideration. By discussing the particular model of leadership, it can be identified that the transformational leadership always inspire the employees and staffs in the organization in enhancing their individual performance in an efficient manner. In most of the cases, the transformational leaders indeed try to make the employees more creative and innovative. By providing the idealized influence to the employees, the leaders make their employees more effective in delivering high productivity in the business (Wallace et al. 2013). However, the particular contemporary theory of leadership has some criticism. For instance, the particular leadership style is quite difficult to understand, as it is a combination of many leadership theories. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the leadership behaviors has a huge impact on the performance of the employees in the organization. By following the proper leadership behavior, the management of the organization would be able to enhance the business opportunities in an effectual manner. In this particular assignment, the importances of the leadership behaviors of motivating employees have been discussed in a detailed manner. The particular research paper includes the theory and model on the employees motivation and leadership style in order to analysis the topic in a better way. References: Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Demirtas, O. and Akdogan, A.A., 2015. The effect of ethical leadership behavior on ethical climate, turnover intention, and affective commitment.Journal of Business Ethics,130(1), pp.59-67. Holloway, J.B., 2012. Leadership behavior and organizational climate: An empirical study in a non-profit organization.Emerging Leadership Journeys,5(1), pp.9-35. House, R.J., Dorfman, P.W., Javidan, M., Hanges, P.J. and de Luque, M.F.S., 2013.Strategic leadership across cultures: GLOBE study of CEO leadership behavior and effectiveness in 24 countries. Sage Publications. Wallace, E., de Chernatony, L. and Buil, I., 2013. Building bank brands: How leadership behavior influences employee commitment.Journal of Business Research,66(2), pp.165-171. Yukl, G., 2012. Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), pp.66-85.